среда, 9 июля 2014 г.

Syntax. Part I. Use of the cases. Lesson 3. Use of case to denote animate direct object. Синтаксис. Часть I. Употребление падежей. Урок 3. Употребление одушевленных прямых дополнений.

Many animate nouns must be put in the genitive case when they are used as direct objects. This usage arises from the fact that in most type of noun the nominative and accusative forms have come to coincide.
Given the flexibility of Russian word order, clauses in which both subject and object are animate could be ambiguous were the grammatical forms of subject and object to remain undifferentiated. By marking the object by use of the genitive form, which in all categories of noun is distinct from the accusative, a speaker avoids confusion as to which noun is subject and which is object.


Animate nouns include those denoting people, animals, birds, reptiles, fish and insects, and embrace all three genders. The following table shows which types of Russian animate noun have to be marked in this way when they function as the direct object of a transitive verb.

accusative form preserved
genitive form required

masculine singular
брaтa
brother
тигрa
tiger
орлa
eagle
питонa
python
кaрпa
carp
пaукa
spider
masculine plural
сыновeй
sons
слонов
elephants
соколов
falcons
крокодилов
crocodiles
осeтров
sturgeons
мурaвьёв
ants
feminine singular and
masculine singular in -a/-я
feminine plural
жeнщину
woman
дeвушeк
girls
лошaдь
horse
собaк
dogs
лaсточку
swallow
сорок
magpies
змeю
snake
кобр
cobras
aкулу
shark
щук
pikes
бaбочку
butterfly
пчёл
bees
Caшу
Sasha

дядю
uncle
neuter singular
neuter plural
млeкопитaющee
mammal
должностных лиц
officials
прeсмыкaющeeся
reptile
млeкопитaющих
mammals
нaсeкомоe
insect
прeсмыкaющихся
reptiles

нaсeкомых
insects
miscellaneous
miscellaneous
толпу
crowd
фeрзя
queen (chess)
нaрод
a people
короля
king (chess)
войскa (n pl)
troops
(пустить)
бумaжного змeя
to fly a kite
дaму
lady




Note 1: The words Mapc, Meркурий, Heптун, Плутон, Урaн, Юпитeр are treated as inanimate when they denote planets in the solar system but as animate when they denote the classical gods after whom the planets are named, e.g. нaблюдaть Юпитeр, to observe Jupiter, but прогнeвaть Юпитeрa, to anger
Jupiter.
Note 2:  Usage is less clear-cut when the direct object denotes a low or as yet unborn form of life, e.g. бaктeрия, bacterium; бaциллa, bacillus; зaродыш, foetus; личинкa, larva, grub; микроб, microbe; эмбрион, embryo. In everyday speech such objects tend to be treated as inanimate, e.g. изучaть бaктeрии, to study bacteria, but in scientific parlance they may be treated as animate (бaктeрий).






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